The Canton Network provides the financial system with the modern technological infrastructure necessary to handle its growing complexity and enable truly digital value transfer across traditional asset classes. At the same time, the Canton Network provides market participants with the control over data necessary to work within existing regulatory frameworks to build a safer and sounder financial system.
"It would be hubris, however, to think that the current model represents the end of monetary history."
Mark Carney, The Art of Central Banking in a Centrifugal World
The financial system is a complex, adaptive network. Intranational and international flows of money and assets occur on a daily basis at a scale that can be hard to comprehend. However, while the financial system continues to increase in complexity, the technology inside the financial system—the technology that runs the financial system—has not kept pace.
Up until the 1960s, the backbone of the financial system was paper-based record keeping. But a drastic increase in trading volumes in the late 1960s triggered a “paperwork crisis” where financial institutions were overwhelmed by the sheer volume of paper required to process transactions, triggering adoption of computer-based record keeping. The financial system today is still supported by technology that emerged as a stopgap solution to the paperwork crisis. While we may have moved away from paper records, the technology used as a replacement unfortunately mimics the structure of old paper-based record keeping systems. Information remains siloed both among and within institutions, resulting in data that remains unsynchronized across participants. Transaction settlement remains dependent on costly and slow reconciliation among participants. And though assets are now recorded on electronic ledgers, they remain as static ledger entries. Moreover, subsequent crises such as the 1987 stock market crash and the 2008 financial crisis have resulted in further stopgaps rather than deliberately designed technological solutions.
The financial system will only grow more complex as time goes on. We need to ask ourselves whether the technological band-aids we have been using for the last 50 years can hold up in the face of this continually increasing complexity and whether the compounding costs of information silos, unsynchronized data, and costly reconciliation are sustainable.
And, we need to ask ourselves whether the technological band-aids we have been using for the last 50 years are ultimately holding back the financial system from delivering more fully on its promise of creating shared prosperity.
There is an inherent risk in not having systems to manage and control assets that are as equally advanced as the assets themselves. And right now, we have a material gap between these assets and their underlying systems.
We shouldn’t consider the current technological foundation for the financial system to be the end of history for innovation in financial technology; by no means is the financial technology we have today the logical end point of innovation.
Blockchain has been held out as a solution to the financial system’s antiquated, patchwork, siloed technological infrastructure. To understand blockchain’s promise, it’s important to remember that at the core of the financial system are ledgers—the records of the assets held by financial institutions and the parties that own those assets. The fundamental innovation enabled by blockchain technology is the ability for market participants to work from a shared ledger rather than—as is the case today—each market participant having its own ledger. The obvious benefit of having a shared ledger is the accuracy gained by synchronized data and the efficiency gained by no longer having to reconcile transaction data among many individual ledgers.
And blockchain technology enables an arguably more important innovation: The ability to rethink how value is transferred. Today, because an asset is represented on multiple, disparate ledgers, any transfer of that asset requires manual processes prone to error, creating inefficiencies and settlement risk. But when an asset is instead modeled in code (and so is intrinsically tied to that code) using “smart contracts” on a blockchain-based shared ledger—this is what it means for an asset to be “tokenized”—the asset is no longer a static record, but rather becomes dynamic. Any rules underlying transfers of the asset can then be specified in the code representing the asset, making the asset “programmable.” This can eliminate inefficiencies and reduce settlement risk. Moreover, with the rules for transfer now specified within the record of the asset, complex workflows involving multiple assets can easily be created; in other words, the workflows become “composable.”
While shared ledgers are appealing, the problem is that they can pose serious privacy and data control challenges. A shared ledger where all of its contents are both visible to everyone and in everyone’s possession is not a workable solution for the financial system. This type of a shared ledger would present not just privacy risks but also cybersecurity risks and, to the extent a shared ledger is available to everyone, risks around illicit finance. Instead, each market participant needs to have granular control over who can see each aspect of a transaction and also needs to be able to ensure that only those entitled to see data are in possession of it. Unfortunately, most blockchain technologies do not provide this privacy and granular data control and so are not suitable for the financial system.
Digital Asset’s Daml and Canton technologies, however, have unmatched privacy and data control capabilities that make them unique in their ability to deliver the benefits of blockchain.
Daml is a smart contract language that enables assets to be modeled in the context of rights and obligations and that allows for workflows to be defined with granular control over data; the collection of these asset models and workflow definitions is a Daml application. This preserves privacy and makes Daml well-suited for digitally representing assets and financial workflows. With Daml, a developer can specify different privacy rules for each asset in a transaction that is handled in that Daml application. And using a set of Daml libraries we call Daml Finance, traditional assets can easily be tokenized while meeting the privacy requirements of the financial system. Daml applications fully realize these privacy capabilities by running on a Canton blockchain.
Canton (the name is a reference to Switzerland’s cantonal, federalist governance structure) is a blockchain technology that takes a unique approach to creating a shared ledger. While most blockchains today replicate the entire ledger across parties on a network, with Canton, each user of a Daml application maintains a ledger of only the data it is permissioned to see by that Daml application. The Canton protocol ensures that this data is valid and current and that all data is encrypted. As a result, everyone works from a shared ledger without being in possession of the entire shared ledger and without that shared ledger actually existing; each user is only in possession of its portion of the shared ledger. This provides privacy as well as scalability and performance.